Friday, August 31, 2012

International Chinese coal projects

On Dec. 4, 2011, a top China official said Bangladesh and China are set to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to build a 1,320 megawatts (mw) coal-fired power plant in Chittagong under a joint venture. Chairman of the state-owned Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) said the plant would be be built by the BPDB and China Hudian Hong Kong Company. Both the firms will decide on share of stakes of respective firms, timeframe and costs to implement the power plant under the joint venture. The power plant will run initially on imported coal, and will consume local coal to generate electricity in future subject to its availability.

BPDB earlier signed MoU with Indian National Thermal Power Company (NTPC) in September 2010 to build another 1,320MW power plant in Khulna, near Mongla Port. Although one year has already been passed there is no headway in implementation of the proposed joint venture power plant between the BPDB and NTPC.[1]

Dawei power station

The Dawei power station is a 4,000-6,000 megawatt power station which has been proposed for Dawei, Burma, to be operated by the Thai company, Italian-Thai Development Plc. It has been reported that firms from China, Korea and Japan are also interested. The output from the power station is notionally slated for a major industrial estate that includes a steel mill and petrochemical facilities.[2]

Kalewa power station

The Kalewa power station is a proposed 600 megawatt power station under construction by China Guodian Corporation and Tun Thwin Mining Co., Ltd. The power is proposed to be sold to the Monywa copper project which is operated by Chinese weapons manufacturer Norinco. The output from the Monywa mine will go to China, with a statement in 2009 on the Norinco website saying that the deal would ?enhance the influence of our country in Myanmar [Burma]?. The article also noted that a similar agreement will also allow China?s Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Company, the largest steel manufacturer in the world, to mine the Sagaing division for nickel.[3]

Tigyit power plant

The Tigyit power plant is the only operating coal-fired power station in Burma. A Pa?O Youth Organisation report states that "in September 2001 the regime?s Vice-Senior General Maung Aye arrived and chose the place for the power plant, instructing local military to confiscate over 100 acres of local farm lands. No compensation was provided. The CHMC of China and Eden Group of Myanmar built the plant under the supervision of the Energy Ministry. Construction began in September 2002 and was completed in April 2005."[4]

In September 2010, Chinese company Erdos Electrical Power & Metallurgical Co. announced plans to build a 700-megawatt coal power plant in the coastal province of Preah Sihanouk in Cambodia.[5]

In November 2011, the Canadian government announced a new funding deal among Chinese backers for the $860-million Gething coal project, a 40-year metallurgical coal mine. Project proponent Canadian Kailuan Dehua (CKD) Mines said it will address both environmental issues and aboriginal concerns surrounding the coal mine in northeast British Columbia. West Moberly First Nation Chief Roland Willson said the Gething project is situated near Hudson's Hope, on top of an area of strong cultural significance. CKD's vice general manager Judy Matkaluk said the Prince Rupert Port is an important gateway for China and can handle additional coal capacity.[6]

Power Construction Corporation of China plant in southern India=

On April 13, 2012, Power Construction Corporation of China said it had signed a $2.4 billion contract to build the second phase of a coal-fired power complex for India's Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS) in southern India. The second phase will include the addition of four generators each with a capacity of 660 megawatts (MW).

IL&FS said it would import coal from Indonesia, Australia and South Africa to fuel the plant, the first phase of which included two generators each with capacity of 600 MW. It has acquired a mine in Indonesia to supply the generators. IL&FS plans to sell the power from the project to state-run distribution companies on a long-term basis as well as in the open market.[7]

Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project

On June 29, 2011, Jotun India and Jotun China secured a contract for Reliance Power's Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project, a 6 x 660 MW plant in India. In China, 90,000 metric tons of turbine house steel structure will be coated with Jotun coatings, in addition to six sets of BTG (boiler, turbine and generators). In 2010, Jotun China Protective Management decided to set up a team to take care of international engineering companies and Chinese EPC companies active with cross border projects. With the help of Jotun's sister companies including Jotun Australia, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Singapore and Philippines, U.A.E and Jotun Korea, a dozen cross border projects have been secured in the past years and supplied by Jotun China including: Australia Karara Mining project; Indonesia Tanjung Awar-Awar 2x350MW power plant project; Vietnam Ca Mau Fertilizer plant project; India Kamalaka 3x350MW power plant project; Philippines Mariveles 2x300 MW power plant project.[8]

CLP India

CLP India is a subsidiary of CLP Holdings, a company founded as China Light and Power Company Limited in Hong Kong. On its website the company states that the "CLP Group started its India innings by acquiring a stake in the 655 MW gas powered Gujarat Paguthan Energy Corporation (GPEC) in Bharuch, Gujarat in 2002. Since then, CLP India's portfolio has expanded to about 2,614 MW which include around 640MW of wind energy projects and a 1,320 MW coal fired power plant in Jhajjar, Haryana."[9] The Jhajjar Power Plant is a 1,320 MW (2 x 660 MW) supercritical coal-fired power station located at Village Khanpur, Dist. Jhajjar, Haryana. CLP states that the plant is scheduled to be commissioned "in late 2011". "Eighty-five per cent of it capacity is contracted for supply to the Haryana DISCOMs (UHBVNL and DHBVNL) and the remaining available capacity will be sold outside the state of Haryana to Tata Power," CLP states. The plant proposes to use domestic coal.[10] CLP India has also been reported to be bidding for a 4,000 MW project in Orissa.[11]

Mining

Between 2000 and 2007, Indonesian coal deliveries to China increased by 157%. In August 2010, China's sovereign wealth fund, China Investment Corporation (CIC) announced that, in order to "secure more resources in Southeast Asia and benefit from increasing trade in the region" it would "plough" US$2 billion into coal, electricity and port projects in Indonesia. No time limit was given for fulfilling these objectives, but CIC said it was interested specifically in three Indonesian state firms: the coal mine company PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam; the state electricity company, PLN; and port operator, Pelindo.[12]

Power generation

China Huadian

In October 2004 the Vice-President of China Huadian Corporation (CHD) met with a senior official from the Chinese Embassy in Indonesia seeking support for its plans for greater involvement in the Indonesia market.[13] The following year CHD won a $US400 million contract for the construction of 2?300MW coal fired power plant project in West Java, Indonesia.[14] The project was to supply power to PT Pembangkitan Jawa-Bali (PT PJB), a government-owned utility commonly referred to as PT PJB. The consortium selected to build the project was PT. Indika Inti Energy[13], a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Indika Group.[15]

In March 2005 there was a further high level meeting between CHD officials and the head of the state-run electricity company, PT PLN.[16] The following month CHD signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the governor of South Sumatra, Mr.Syahrial Oesman, for the development of a 4X600MW mine mouth power station in South Sumatra.[17] A few months later the formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed with the Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Chinese vice premier Zeng Peiyan at a business luncheon. Signing the agreement were Mr. He Gong, the president of China Huadian Corporation, Mr. Eddie Widiono, the president director of Indonesian state-run electricity company PT PLN, Mr. Ismet Harmaini, president of Indonesian state-run coal company PTBA and Mr. Hendrik Tee, president of Indika. "This project is to be developed by 55% majority holding of China Huadian corporation," a CHD media release stated.[18] The project is the Banko Tengah power plant.[19][20][21] However, an October 2010 JP Morgan research report referred to the project as having stalled.[22] The plant was proposed to be built adjoining the Banko Tengah mine.

In September, 2010, China Huadian Corporation (CHD) announced that it had embarked on a "going abroad" path by launching the 180 MW Asahan No 1 hydropower plant in North Sumatra, Indonesia.[23] CHD also established a branch in Indonesia in August 2010, which became the first foreign-funded company licensed to operate a power plant in Indonesia. CHD Power Plant Operation Co (PPOC) general manager Jin Yingjun said, "Through this project, we have developed a new model for running power stations overseas. We aim to build up our team through this project and then further press ahead overseas."[23][24] The company also stated in a media release that PPOC had "signed plant operation deals with Indonesia and Malaysia worth $200 million last year" and falgged that it was "currently seeking to build a thermal plant in Vietnam."[23]

CHD also stated that the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) had approved a plan of China Huadian Engineering Co, a CHD subsidiary, to build a 65 MW coal-fired power plant on Batam Island, Indonesia.[23]

As of early 2011, the following projects were in various stages of development by China Huadian Engineering in Indonesia:[25][26]

  • Lafarge, 33 MW coal-fired power plant, Aceh Besar, Sumatra - operating
  • Asahan, hydropower station, Sumatra - operating
  • Batam, hydropower station, Sumatra - under construction
  • Indorama, 60 MW coal-fired power plant, Java - construction completed

Malawi

The Malawi Power Station is a 1,000 MW coal fired plant proposed for Malawi, Africa. China Gezhouba Group plans to build the plant for US $500 million. The plant is scheduled to start in 2013 and be completed by 2015.[27]

In 2009, China Huadian Company signed plant operations deals with Indonesia and Malaysia valued at $200 million.[23][24]

May 2011: Protests against coal mining operations break out in Inner Mongolia

As of 2011, Inner Mongolia is China's top coal producer, accounting for about a quarter of all domestic supply ? double what it was in 2005,[28] and squeezing out the indigenous Mongolian community from their homelands.[29]

Tensions increased after May 10, 2011, when a Han Chinese coal-truck driver ran over a 35-year-old Mongolian herder, known as Mergen, as Mergen tried to stop a convoy driving across fenced prairies in Xiwu. Allegations that the killing was deliberate inflamed passions in the indigenous Mongolian community, and protests erupted in at least three places.[29]

Five days later, a forklift operator named Yan Wenlong was killed at a coal mine near Xilinhot after he and other locals clashed with company employees in a protest over pollution from the mine.[30]

A peaceful gathering by Mongolian herders and students on May 23 at the banner capital in protest over the killing of Mergen reportedly led to violence and arrests as local authorities ended the demonstration by sending in police and "plain-clothes thugs." Two days later, about two thousand Mongolian herders, high school students and others mounted another demonstration and rally in Shilin Hot city.[31]

Video clips posted online by overseas supporters show herders being arrested after the face-off with military police in Ujumchin the previous week. According to overseas groups, crowds also took to the streets in Huveet Shar on May 26 and Shuluun Huh on May 27 with banners declaring: "Defend the rights of Mongols" and "Defend the homeland". The biggest protest was in Xilinhot, where 1,000 students in yellow and blue uniforms marched through the broad streets to the government headquarters on May 26.

Locals called for a worldwide demonstration against China for May 29, to demand the rights of Mongolians and the release of detainees. In response, Chinese authorities declared martial law in major cities of the Mongolian region including Hohhot, Tongliao, Ulaanhad (Chifing in Chinese), and Dongsheng in the face of mass protests by students and herders. Tight Security was imposed as the authorities attempted to quash any protest and unrest.[32]

Hundreds of Mongols marched later in the regional capital of Hohhot on May 31, 2011, the US-based Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center stated. Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center said a protest march also took place on May 30, 2011. AFP reported that the coal industry crackdown would include stepped-up checks on all existing and future projects and require all proposed mines to first submit environmental impact statements, the Inner Mongolia coal bureau's notice was quoted as saying.[33]

China's Yanzhou buys Inner Mongolia Haosheng Coal Mining

In September 2010, China's fourth-largest coal miner Yanzhou Coal said it will pay $682 million in an effort to acquire 51% of Inner Mongolia Haosheng Coal Mining. Yanzhou said it is looking to bolster reserves as Chinese coal consumption continues to surge. Yanzhou will pay $682.1 million to two sellers for a 35.5 percent stake in the developer of the Shilawusu coal field, and seek to buy a further 15.5 percent through an open bidding process, according to Bloomberg News. Yanzhou's last major acquisition was the $3 billion purchase of Australia's Felix Resources.[34]

China and UK fund coal gasification plant in Inner Mongolia

In Jun 2011, China Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection Group, a state-owned project developer, said it will build a $1.5 billion ?clean coal? plant in Inner Mongolia with U.K.-based Seamwell International. The plant on the YiHe Coal Field will produce power by the end of 2014 or 2015, and will generate 1,000 megawatts of electricity for about 25 years.

The plant will harvest its energy from gasified coal deep underground, the first commercial plant of its size, according to a statement from Seamwell. The project will drill to the seam of coal that is then ignited and injected with air, oxygen or steam to create synthetic gas. That will be pumped out and scrubbed before being used by a integrated gasification combined cycle power plant at the surface. There are 280 billion tons of coal resources in that region of Inner Mongolia, according to Seamwell.

The commercial plant will be fitted with carbon capture technology. The companies will first undertake a demonstration project at YiHe Field that Seamwell will finance after seeking funds globally. Once approvals are secured from the Chinese government, the companies said they will set up a joint venture in which Seamwell will own 49 percent and China?s energy conservation and protection group CECEP the rest.[35]

Sino-Sindh Resources, a local subsidiary of Global Mining Company is investing in Pakistan's Thar Coal Block-1 for coal mining and power generation of 900 Mega Watt (MW), signing an MoU with the government of Sindh for the project in September 2011. The company plans to invest US $4.5 billion until 2016. Thar Coal field would also be declared a Special Economic Zone, and mining would be started in April, 2012.[36]

Block IV of Thar Coalfield has also been allocated to China's Three Gorges Corporation. The project's plans include development of an open pit mine of 20 million tons per year, and a mine-mouth power plant of 3,000MW in two phases. In CY10, China Three Gorges had 74 overseas projects in 28 countries in progress.[37]

In September 2010, it was announced that Russia had agreed to supply China with 475 million tonnes of coal over the next 25 years. In the deal, China will provide Russia with a $6 billion loan to finance the development of several coal projects into large-scale mines. The announcement followed a conference on energy cooperation in Blagoveshchensk, attended by Sergei Shmatko, Russia's energy minister, and Zhang Guobao, director of China's National Energy Administration. The Russian ministry stated: "Agreements have been reached on supplies of at least 15 million tonnes of [Russian] coal to China over the next five years and at least 20 million tonnes per year afterward. China's $6 billion loan will be secured by the Russian coal exports. The money will be used for everything from mine development and construction to the building and expansion of transportation infrastructure." Russia and China also agreed to conduct a preliminary feasibility study to set up another joint-venture for the development of a coal-to-liquids project in Russia.[38]

In 2009, China president Hu Jintao and Serbia president Boris Tadic signed a 15-year agreement for China to invest $1.25 billion in Serbia?s infrastructure and energy. OPM Kostolac, a unit of Serbian power monopoly Elektroprivreda Srbije, plans to revitalize two 350-megawatt power blocs and build a desulphurization unit, rail tracks and a new port on the Danube river, the first phase of a billion-dollar project that would also lead to the construction of a new power bloc and expansion of its coal mines. Two existing plants at the TPP Kostolac Power Plant, with respective installed capacity of 100 megawatts and 200 megawatts, will be decommissioned in 2017 and 2024 and replaced with the new one. Kostolac currently relies on the Drmno mine, which has around 350 million tons of remaining coal reserves, and is considering acquiring the nearby Dubravica field, which contains around 400 million tons of recoverable coal reserves out of an estimated deposit of 1 billion tons.[39]

The new power bloc is expected to produce 2.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year based on 7,000 operating hours, compared with the total national output of 35 billion kilowatt-hours. The first phase will take 30 months to complete. The second phase, to start in 2014, will be worth around $700 million and involves a new 350-megawatt bloc with a lifespan through 2060 and the expansion of the Drmno mine coal deposit field. The new bloc should start generating power between 2014 and 2020.[39]

On October 20, 2011, Serbia's power utility Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS) said it had signed a preliminary deal with a Chinese consortium to jointly build a 744 megawatt coal-fired unit at an estimated cost of more than 2 billion euros ($2.7 billion). Under the deal, a consortium that includes China Environmental Energy Holdings and Shenzhen Energy, and EPS, will form a joint venture for the future project in the southwestern town of Obrenovac, part of its TPP Nikola Tesla Power Plant power complex. An upgrade of the Radeljevo coal mine will feed the plant. The deal is the latest in a series of energy projects agreed over the past two years with China, along with Russia, when Serbia faced international isolation in the 1990s.[40]

On November 1, 2011, Bloomberg reported that Kostolac expects the Export-Import Bank of China to approve a $344 million loan soon to finance coal plant upgrades in 2012. Kostolac also wants to win a two-year accord with Germany?s Vattenfall Europe AG to provide consultancy services and help Kostolac improve open-pit operations.[39]

In November 2010, China's third-largest state-owned producer, Datong Coal Mine Group, said it is seeking coal mines in South Africa and other selected countries (Australia, Indonesia, and Russia), and plans to invest "tens of billions" in the new energy sector as part of its five-year development plan. President Wu Yongping of Datong ? the parent of the Shanghai-listed Datong Coal Industry Company Limited ? commented: ?We are mainly looking at partnerships in these overseas ventures, but we won't rule out developing any mines on our own.?[41]

Kiwira coal mine

In June 2011, China Energy and Mines minister William Ngeleja said the country will invest $400 million in Tanzania?s Kiwira coal mine project estimated to generate 200 megawatts of electricity. The money comes under a soft loan arrangement. Five groups, including Tanzania's National Social Security Fund, applied to run the project, before the government accepted China?s offer.[42]

Mchuchuma Coal Mine

It was announced in September 2011 that China's Sichuan Hongda Co. Ltd. signed a $3 billion deal with Tanzania to mine coal and iron ore in Tanzania. The investment involves construction of the Mchuchuma Coal Mine and an accompanying 600-megawatt (MW) thermal power station. It is estimated that Mchuchuma coal deposits have more than 480 million tonnes of coal reserves.[43]

A new company, Tanzania China International Mineral Resources (TCMR), has been created to build the mines with the Chinese mining company taking a 80 per cent stake. The remainder of the company will be owned by Tanzania?s state-run National Development Corporation; although there are reports that NDC will be able to increase its stake to 49 per cent once Sichuan Hongda has recovered its original investment.[44]

On May 7, 2012, Guizhou Guochuang Energy Holding Group said it had raised 3.9 billion yuan ($616 million) in a private placement to be used mainly to acquire and develop Triple H Coal Company, making it the first Chinese company to invest in coal in America. Guochuang also said that a wholly owned subsidiary, Jiangsu Dipu Mining Investment Co., would acquire a full stake in Treasure Port International Limited (TPI) for up to $10 million. In March 2011, TPI had acquired Triple H Coal, mainly funded by borrowing from Questmark Mining Rights Investment Fund. Guochuang said Triple H Coal has five mining permit applications awaiting approval, and the company plans to build five new mines with 1 million tons of capacity each after the acquisition, which will have annual production capacity of 5 million tons of coking coal.

In the same May 2012 MarketWatch article, it was reported that American coal producers are hoping to attract Chinese investors to jointly develop coal mines in the United States. According to an unnamed executive at a large US coal company: "As far as I know, Datang, Huadian, Shenhua, China Coal, Qinfa Group and China Coal Solution are all attempting to acquire coal assets in the United States." A top Shenhua executive said that coal mines in Tennessee were attracting a lot of attention from investors.[45]

In April 2012, Hattat Holding AS, a Turkish group with interests in mining, auto, and energy, signed an agreement to build three power plants each with a capacity of 660 megawatts for $2 billion with China Power Investment Corporation (CPIZ) and Avic International. The agreement includes developing coal mines for $300 million in Bartin in northern Turkey where the plants will be located. The plants will be coal-fired.[46]

Plant in southern Vietnam's Binh Thuan province

In September 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission, China's top economic planner, approved a plan by a consortium led by China Southern Power Grid Corp. to build a coal-fired power plant in southern Vietnam's Binh Thuan province. The plant will have two generators, each with an annual power generating capacity of 600,000 kilowatts. The first generator is expected to come online in 2014. The $1.75 billion project will be China's largest investment in Vietnam and Chinese banks will provide funding.[47]

Vinh Tan power station

The Vinh Tan power station - a USGS report states that "in 2007, the Vietnamese Government authorized China Southern Grid (a Chinese electricity company) to conduct a feasibility study for a proposed 1,200-megawatt (MW) thermoelectric plant in Binh Thuan Province in Vietnam. Construction of the $1 billion coal-fired powerplant was expected to begin by the end of 2007."[48]

Kien Luong 1 Thermal Power Plant

According to a September 2010 article in China Daily, the company "is currently seeking to build a thermal plant in Vietnam and they are conducting the negotiation with the relevant foreign parties."[23][24] The plant is the 1200MW Phase 1 of the Kien Luong 1 Thermal Power Plant proposed by the Tan Tao Energy Corporation (TEC) of the Tan Tao Group. The Saigon Times reports that the project is the first "BOO (build, own, operate) project in Vietnam, with total investment capital of about US$2 billion." The proposed total plant has been mooted as 4,400-5,200 MW.[49]

In August 2011, President Viktor Yanukovych said Ukraine is seeking to get $1 billion of Chinese investments to develop its coal-mining sector. Agreements have been made with China to start a joint pilot project to upgrade the Melnykova mine in the Luhansk region in east Ukraine.[50]

The Collum Coal Mine is owned by China in the southern town of Sinazongwe in Zambia. Twelve workers were injured on October 15, 2010, when mainly Chinese managers fired randomly at workers protesting poor working conditions. Investment from China has been on the rise Zambia, with several copper and coal mines bought by Chinese firms.[51]

In August 2012 Zambian miners killed a Chinese manager during a protest. The miners were protesting a delay in wage increases. Another Chinese was also injured during the scuffle.[52] On August 7, 2012 police charged a Zambia coal miner with murder in connection with the killing of a Chinese supervisor during a protest.[53]

Articles and resources

References

  1. ? "BD, China set to sign MoU to build power plant in Ctg under JV" The Financial Express, Dec. 4, 2011.
  2. ? Pa?O Youth Organisation, Poison Clouds: Lessons from Burma?s largest coal project at Tigyit, Pa?O Youth Organisation, January 2011. (Pdf)
  3. ? Francis Wade, "Shouldering China?s toxic burden" Democratic Voice of Burma, March 23, 2011.
  4. ? Pa?O Youth Organisation, Poison Clouds: Lessons from Burma?s largest coal project at Tigyit, Pa?O Youth Organisation, January 2011, page 24. (Pdf)
  5. ? "Cambodian company to build coal power plant" Bloomberg, Dec. 10, 2010.
  6. ? Brian Morton and Scott Simpson, "Chinese backers reaffirm interest in Gething coal mine" The Vancouver Sun, Nov. 12, 2011.
  7. ? Charlie Zhu and Sanjeev Choudhary, "China power giant inks $2.4 bln India project," Reuters, April 13, 2012.
  8. ? "Jotun China continues to grow; to provide coatings for UMPP Project" Coatings World, June 29, 2011.
  9. ? CLP India, "History of CLP group", CLP India website, accessed November 2011.
  10. ? CLP India, "Our Operations: Jhajjar Power Limited", CLP India website, accessed November 2011.
  11. ? "CLP seeks to acquire Indian coal projects," Industry Monitor, November 7, 2011
  12. ? "Dark Materials: the consequences of clinging to coal" Mines and Communities, Aug. 30, 2010.
  13. ? 13.013.1China Huadian Corporation, "Vice President of CHD Meets Minister Counselor of Economical and Commercial Counselor?s Office of Chinese Embassy in Indonesia", Media Release, October 25, 2004.
  14. ? China Huadian Corporation, "EPC Contract of PJB Project in Indonesia Signed", Media Release, March 2, 2005.
  15. ? "Indika Group", Indonesian Commercial Newsletter, June 1, 2006.
  16. ? China Huadian Corporation, "CHD President Meets PT PLN President Director", Media Release, March 7, 2005.
  17. ? China Huadian Corporation, "CHD President Meets Indonesian South Sumatra Governor", Media release, April 19, 2005.
  18. ? China Huadian Corporation, "The MOA on investment signed for the 4X600MW mine mouth power plant", Media Release, August 4, 2005.
  19. ? China Huadian Corporation, "CHD and PTBA Sign MOA on the Dedicated Coal Mine for Mine-Mouth Power Plant Project", Media Release, August 27, 2007.
  20. ? China Huadian Corporation, "President Cao Peixi Inspects Mine-Mouth Power Plant Project and Its Dedicated Coal Mine", Media Release, August 23, 2007.
  21. ? PT. Tambang Abtubara Bukit Asam, "Corporate Presentation", November 2009, page 8. (Pdf))
  22. ? J.P. Morgan, "Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam", October 31, 2010.
  23. ? 23.023.123.223.323.423.5China Huadian Corporation, "China Huadian looks to overseas market", Media Release, September 22, 2010.
  24. ? 24.024.124.2"China Huadian looks to overseas market," China Daily, September 21, 2010
  25. ? China Huadong Engineering Co., Ltd. project status page, accessed March 2011
  26. ? Project Construction, Investment and O&M, China Huadian Engineering Co., Ltd., accessed March 2011
  27. ? Diarmaid Williams, "$500 MW coal fired plant for Malawi," Reuters, August 24, 2012.
  28. ? David Pierson, "Coal mining in China's Inner Mongolia fuels tensions" Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2011.
  29. ? 29.029.1Jonathan Watts, "Herder's death deepens tensions in Inner Mongolia" The Guardian, May 27, 2011.
  30. ? David Pierson, "Coal mining in China's Inner Mongolia fuels tensions" Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2011.
  31. ? Coordinating Committee for May 29/30 Protest, "Worldwide Call to Protest the Killing of Mergen" Southern Mongolia Human Rights Information Center, May 29, 2011.
  32. ? "Spread in China's Mongolian Region, More Cities Under Martial Law (New Photos Available)" Southern Mongolia Human Rights Information Center, May 29, 2011.
  33. ? "Restive China region orders mining crackdown" Dan Martin, AFP, June 1, 2011.
  34. ? "Yanzhou Coal Will Pay $682M For Stake In Mongolian Firm" Benzinga, September 6, 2010.
  35. ? Sally Bakewell, "China Energy, Seamwell to Build $1.5 Billion ?Clean Coal? Plant" Bloomberg, June 26, 2011.
  36. ? "China to invest US $ 1.5 bn in Thar Coal" AP of Pakistan, Sep. 20, 2011.
  37. ? "A birds eye view: Thar coal deal with China" BR Research, Feb. 16, 2012.
  38. ? Luke Burgess, "Russia Inks $6 Billion Deal with China to Supply 475 Million Tonnes of Coal" Energy & Capital, Sep. 10, 2010.
  39. ? 39.039.139.2Gordana Filipovic, "Serbian Mine Sees Chinese, Vattenfall Agreements for Upgrades" Bloomberg, Nov 1, 2011.
  40. ? Maja Zuvela, "Serbia, China sign deal for coal plant, mine" Reuters, Oct. 20, 2011.
  41. ? "Chinese seek coal mines in SA" Mining Review, Nov. 18, 2010.
  42. ? David Malingha Doya, "China Plans to Invest $400 Million in Tanzanian Coal Mine, Daily News Says" Bloomberg, June 26, 2011.
  43. ? "China co signs $3 bln Tanzania coal, iron deal" Fumbuka Ng'wanakilala, Reuters, September 22, 2011.
  44. ? "China draws Tanzania into its embrace" Financial Times, September 23, 2011.
  45. ? Zhang Boling, "China digs into American coal mines," MarketWatch, May 29, 2012.
  46. ? Ercan Ersoy, "Hattat Partners China Power, Avic for $2 Billion Power Plants," Bloomberg, April 10, 2012.
  47. ? Jin Yang, "China Southern Grid To Build Coal Power Plant In Vietnam -NDRC" Nasdaq, September 3, 2010.
  48. ? John C. Wu, "The Mineral Industry of Vietnam", U.S. Geological Survey, June 2009.
  49. ? Quoc Hung, "EPC contract signed for major coal-fired power plant", Saigon Times, July 2, 2010.
  50. ? Kateryna Choursina, "Ukraine Seeks Chinese Investment of $1 Billion for Coal Mines" Bloomberg, August 26, 2011.
  51. ? "Zambia to charge Chinese mine bosses over shooting" AFP, October 17, 2010.
  52. ? "Zambian miners kill Chinese manager during pay protest" BBC, August 5, 2012.
  53. ? "Zambia police charge miner over killing of Chinese supervisor" Reuters, August 7, 2012.

Related SourceWatch Articles

External resources

Reports

Articles on Chinese media coverage of coal

General Articles

Source: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=International_Chinese_coal_projects&diff=586692&oldid=582510

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